The following answer is from the perspective of a tech recruiter, and he is explaining the career progression.
Like any other software engineering career, data engineering can take you down a few different pathways.
You might be able to rise to an individual contributor at a high level.
As an experienced Data Engineer, you might easily earn $200K in a large metropolis like NYC or San Francisco (without ever having to manage a team, etc.)
You might even become an Engineering Manager and lead a team.
Maybe you should look at software architecture as well?
Another method to advance your career without managing a team is to become a very high-level contributor.
I am not sure if this is solely a suitable choice for software engineers or data engineers can also transfer into architecture. It just occurred to me, but I want to clarify that I am not confident this is something you should investigate. Please let me know if this is clear.
If you have a strong understanding of algorithms and mathematics, you could potentially take on specific data science tasks.