Hello Everyone,
A simple solution is to run a loop from qs to qe and find minimum element in given range. This solution takes O(n) time in worst case.
Another solution is to create a 2D array where an entry [i, j] stores the minimum value in range arr[i…j]. Minimum of a given range can now be calculated in O(1) time, but preprocessing takes O(n^2) time. Also, this approach needs O(n^2) extra space which may become huge for large input arrays.
Segment tree can be used to do preprocessing and query in moderate time. With segment tree, preprocessing time is O(n) and time to for range minimum query is O(Logn). The extra space required is O(n) to store the segment tree.
Representation of Segment trees
1. Leaf Nodes are the elements of the input array.
2. Each internal node represents minimum of all leaves under it.
Construction of Segment Tree from given array
We start with a segment arr[0 . . . n-1]. and every time we divide the current segment into two halves(if it has not yet become a segment of length 1), and then call the same procedure on both halves, and for each such segment, we store the minimum value in a segment tree node.
All levels of the constructed segment tree will be completely filled except the last level. Also, the tree will be a Full Binary Tree because we always divide segments in two halves at every level. Since the constructed tree is always full binary tree with n leaves, there will be n-1 internal nodes. So total number of nodes will be 2*n – 1.
Query for minimum value of given range
Once the tree is constructed, how to do range minimum query using the constructed segment tree. Following is algorithm to get the minimum.
// qs --> query start index, qe --> query end index int RMQ(node, qs, qe) { if range of node is within qs and qe return value in node else if range of node is completely outside qs and qe return INFINITE else return min( RMQ(node’s left child, qs, qe), RMQ(node’s right child, qs, qe) ) }
Implementation:
// C++ program for range minimum
// query using segment tree
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// A utility function to get minimum of two numbers
int minVal( int x, int y) { return (x < y)? x: y; }
// A utility function to get the
// middle index from corner indexes.
int getMid( int s, int e) { return s + (e -s)/2; }
/* A recursive function to get the
minimum value in a given range
of array indexes. The following
are parameters for this function.
st --> Pointer to segment tree
index --> Index of current node in the
segment tree. Initially 0 is
passed as root is always at index 0
ss & se --> Starting and ending indexes
of the segment represented
by current node, i.e., st[index]
qs & qe --> Starting and ending indexes of query range */
int RMQUtil( int *st, int ss, int se, int qs, int qe, int index)
{
// If segment of this node is a part
// of given range, then return
// the min of the segment
if (qs <= ss && qe >= se)
return st[index];
// If segment of this node
// is outside the given range
if (se < qs || ss > qe)
return INT_MAX;
// If a part of this segment
// overlaps with the given range
int mid = getMid(ss, se);
return minVal(RMQUtil(st, ss, mid, qs, qe, 2*index+1),
RMQUtil(st, mid+1, se, qs, qe, 2*index+2));
}
// Return minimum of elements in range
// from index qs (query start) to
// qe (query end). It mainly uses RMQUtil()
int RMQ( int *st, int n, int qs, int qe)
{
// Check for erroneous input values
if (qs < 0 || qe > n-1 || qs > qe)
{
cout<< "Invalid Input" ;
return -1;
}
return RMQUtil(st, 0, n-1, qs, qe, 0);
}
// A recursive function that constructs
// Segment Tree for array[ss..se].
// si is index of current node in segment tree st
int constructSTUtil( int arr[], int ss, int se,
int *st, int si)
{
// If there is one element in array,
// store it in current node of
// segment tree and return
if (ss == se)
{
st[si] = arr[ss];
return arr[ss];
}
// If there are more than one elements,
// then recur for left and right subtrees
// and store the minimum of two values in this node
int mid = getMid(ss, se);
st[si] = minVal(constructSTUtil(arr, ss, mid, st, si*2+1),
constructSTUtil(arr, mid+1, se, st, si*2+2));
return st[si];
}
/* Function to construct segment tree
from given array. This function allocates
memory for segment tree and calls constructSTUtil() to
fill the allocated memory */
int *constructST( int arr[], int n)
{
// Allocate memory for segment tree
//Height of segment tree
int x = ( int )( ceil (log2(n)));
// Maximum size of segment tree
int max_size = 2*( int ) pow (2, x) - 1;
int *st = new int [max_size];
// Fill the allocated memory st
constructSTUtil(arr, 0, n-1, st, 0);
// Return the constructed segment tree
return st;
}
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
int arr[] = {1, 3, 2, 7, 9, 11};
int n = sizeof (arr)/ sizeof (arr[0]);
// Build segment tree from given array
int *st = constructST(arr, n);
int qs = 1; // Starting index of query range
int qe = 5; // Ending index of query range
// Print minimum value in arr[qs..qe]
cout<< "Minimum of values in range [" <<qs<< ", " <<qe<< "] " <<
"is = " <<RMQ(st, n, qs, qe)<<endl;
return 0;
}
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra
Output:
Minimum of values in range [1, 5] is = 2
Time Complexity:
Time Complexity for tree construction is O(n). There are total 2n-1 nodes, and value of every node is calculated only once in tree construction.
Time complexity to query is O(Logn). To query a range minimum, we process at most two nodes at every level and number of levels is O(Logn).